Superstorm Sandy, which struck the East Coast in October 2012, is estimated to have caused $19 billion in private insurance losses and an additional $12-to-$15 billion in losses covered by the National Flood Insurance Program. In the immediate aftermath of the disaster, Governor Andrew Cuomo and Department of Financial Services Superintendent Ben Lawsky in New York, and Governor Chris Christie in New Jersey, promulgated a number of emergency measures that effectively rewrote insurance coverage in their states.